Logical Framework

Introduction

A logical framework is a tool to design, manage, monitor and evaluate a programme. It is a way of structuring the main elements of a project and highlighting the logical linkages between them, by relating programme inputs and activities to expected tangible results (outputs) and non-tangible results (outcomes). The logical framework is also named 'logic model' or in short 'logframe'.

Why

";

A logical framework can be used by an organisation to:

• refine its programme strategy by analysing what is the best way to achieve the expected results.
• determine the resources needed to implement a programme.
• create a tool for programme planning, management and monitoring & evaluation.
• create a communication tool for internal (consensus-building) and external (fundraising) purposes.

What you can expect

In eight steps we guide you to create a logical framework for a specific programme. Here you’ll find a step-by-step guide, tools, examples and other resources for creating a logical framework.

Step 1: Define the problem statement

• Define the problem statement of your programme.
• Create a problem tree, where you identify the root causes and consequences to define the core problem. Here you can find information on the method problem tree.
• Use the problem tree to define the area in which you can have an impact and where you will intervene through your programme.
• Watch the video below. In the video, the Upaya Foundation (India) explains how they measure their impact using the Logic Model or Logical Framework:
  
  [embed_yt id="VQbOi74VmjM"]

Step 2: Define long-term outcomes

• Watch the video below to get an idea of how to make your logical framework. 
• Use this logical framework template in the following steps. Page one explains the different cells and page two can be used as a template. Note that the logical framework can also be named 'logic model' or in short 'logframe'.
• Start at the end of your logical framework once you have a clear idea of the problem that you want to solve, and determine the long-term outcomes: how will the situation look for beneficiaries once you have solved the problem? Long-term outcomes refer to broader changes, i.e. in beneficiary conditions, social contexts and environmental characteristics. They usually are observable only years after your intervention.

[embed_yt id="L8n4PwpFsHc"]

Step 3: Define mid- and short-term outcomes

• Move backwards and identify the mid-term outcomes of your programme such as changes in actions, behaviours, practices, decisions that might happen within or shortly after the programme timeframe.
• Define short-term outcomes such as concrete changes in learning, resources, awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills, opinions, aspirations and motivations as a direct result of your intervention.

Step 4: Define activities and outputs

• Define and briefly describe the activities you need to conduct in your programme to reach your outcomes. Depending on your organisation this can be services, delivery of products, policy advocacy etc.
• Define a tangible output for each activity. The outputs express what your programme delivers in terms of numbers and are usually easily measurable. For example: the number of meetings you organise, the number of classrooms constructed.

Step 5: Determine inputs

• Understand what resources (financial, time, skills and knowledge) need to be provided by the organisation in order to conduct the required activities effectively.
• Check which resources you already have and what skills, knowledge and other resources you need to acquire.
• Evaluate opportunities for partnerships to fill gaps.

Step 6: Verification

• Conduct an 'if/then verification' for all items. Examples:
  • If we put in this resource, then we will be able to conduct this activity.
  • If we conduct this activity, then we will be able to produce this output.
  • If we produce this output, then we will reach these outcomes.

The if/then verification allows you to check if the elements of your logical framework are all connected together.

Step 7: Assumptions and external factors

• List the assumptions that will connect your direct outputs and outcomes to future outcomes. The assumptions are usually based on research or general knowledge.
• Analyse also if there are external factors out of your control that could impede a desired outcome to happen.

Step 8: Performance indicators

• Define performance indicators that can be monitored and evaluated on a regular basis, once you have filled each area of the logical framework. Ask yourself: how will we KNOW that the outcomes are being reached? This is crucial to check the progress of your programme, if you are moving towards your expected outcomes.
• Make sure your performance indicators follow the SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound) principle.
• When struggling with this step, use this tool to formulate SMART indicators.

Key To Success

• Identify realistic and clear outcomes and measurable performance indicators.
• The logical framework shows areas that you can anticipate upon and assesses possible external threats to the impact of the programme. Paying strong attention to this could result in the succes of the programme.
• The logical framework should be adapted regularly to the programme environment and possible changes.

Challenges

• A logical framework can either be too long or to short, and not detailed enough for general understanding.
• Include all main components of the programme in one framework can be difficult.